When nonwoven fabrics compare with woven fabrics, it is poor strength and durability. Dec 25, 2022 (Reportmines via Comtex) -- Non woven fabrics are made up of individual fibers that are not twisted together. The porosity of fabric may range from low tear. The main functions for these products are filtration and separation. Scrim in batting is stitch bonded. This is directly a result of the fact that a high percentage of these products are disposable or short lived. Currently, INDA, the association of the nonwoven fabrics industry, defines a nonwoven as "sheet or web structures bonded . Melt-blown nonwoven fabric is fibrous nets manufactured by the melt-blown mesh method and cemented by one or more techniques. . Generally, medical mask is composed of three layers of nonwoven fabrics as listed below. Wetlaid Spunbound/Spunlace Dryer sheets and wet wipes are made of a nonwoven material. Its main application is . These fabrics could be involved in fiber or filaments chemically, thermally, and mechanically. Learn more about our company and our extensive line of products at staftex.com. Non-woven fabric requires neither knitting nor weaving; instead, it gets treated either mechanically, chemically, or with heat to make the fibers stick together in a cohesive fabric. Non-woven fabric may have a resilient, soft hand. We, The search bar on the site makes it easier for the users to get what, This is followed by clearing multiple lines in short succession, which may or may not, Some sites will claim best odds guaranteed, which is good because better odds translate to, Its got all the elements of the original games that we know and love and. This slurry-like mass is treated to form the nonwoven fabric. According to present demand, nowadays, nonwovens are improved and brought up to a grade which increases its use as apparels. Examples of popular knit fabrics are lace, lycra and mesh. So, it is safe, non-toxic, odorless, stable, and non-irritating. Wool felt is the most common non-woven fabric and is produced by using short-staple fibres from wool or other animal hairs (such as camel). Fiberglass nonwovens are of two basic types. In the textile industry, a fabric that is made without using traditional methods of weaving or knitting fibres is considered a non-woven fabric. This property of nonwoven fabric makes it acceptable. Fluid fiber solutions made of chemical polymers are shaped into flat sheets/films this is how nonwoven plastics/pleather and vinyl materials are made.They can be used as it is or adhered to knitted or woven backings. The tearing strength of nonwoven fabrics is approximately double of woven fabric. In spray bonding latex is sprayed on the web placed on a conveyor belt. The Viral Filtration Efficiency (VFE) test follows the same procedure as BFE but using different challenge organism to test. ; What are natural fabrics? Nonwoven fabric provides a decrease in thermal retention. and which of the 02 processes is more popular in the field of manufacturing hygiene products? 28 Different Types of Fabric 1. Then it uses a strong flow of air to combine the wooden fiber on the web and finally reinforces the pulp on the web to form the non-woven fabric. It has a rough texture and the fabric produced this way is quite strong. (2) Polyethylene (PE) + polyester fiber PET (Polyester), is often abbreviated to ET. Types of non woven fabrics pdf, this reason, the choice of fiber is directly related to fabric quality [, ]. Nonwoven manufacturers are constantly working on new designs and types of nonwoven fabrics to meet the demands in the market. Your email address will not be published. If you are interested to learn more about non-woven fabrics and the industry you can checkout this website https://www.nonwovens-industry.com/, Related posts : How to sew Vinyl, pleather and plastic; What are woven fabrics? 4.7 / 5 ( 6 votes ) Non-woven Types The main fibers used for non-woven production are polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET). Each style has its own advantages and specific application. Drylaid. To make a spunlace non-woven, high-pressure water jets are applied to one or more layers of fiber web, and the water pushes the fibers into a lace-like pattern. However, humans pay extra interest in environmental safety. One option is to send the fabric to a company that specializes in . The main web consolidating methods are needle punching, spunlacing, chemical bonding, and thermal bonding. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact ILLUME! Linen cotton mix fabric is very soft and of light to medium-weight. Using high-pressure jets of water (40-120kg/cm2; 0.1mm) to entangle carded fibers and thereby provide fabric integrity. Denim weave. They often have tightly woven edges - called the selvedge - and there are many weave types to create different effects. It is similar to a paper-making technique with different raw materials. Presently, the possible end-use application is unlimited. But the electrostatic performance can be easily affected by the quality of fiber. Ottoman knit: A horizontal raised rib textured knit. Dryer sheets and wet wipes are made of a nonwoven material. Chemical bond nonwovens are made by applying a binder (resin or latex) to the surface of the web. Types of non woven fabrics pdf Frm exam study guide pdf, this reason, the choice of fiber is directly related to fabric quality [, ]. In the chemical process, an adhesive is used to bond the fibers together. When we talk about non woven, it is definitely sure about those materials which are made without weaving process. Spunbond non-woven fabric, the largest segment, finds application in the manufacture of hygiene products and in coating substrates, building, battery separator, filtration and wipers among. Spun laid nonwovens are also called spunbond nonwovens. This type of fabric is often used. The nonwoven fabric verifies to the FDA food-grade natural fabric production. Below we will introduce various types of non-woven fabrics first, and then well have an in-depth analysis of the non-woven fabrics for face masks! Dry Laid. Further other many changes came in making fabrics with the help of weaving, knitting from various animal, vegetable or natural fibers. Because meltblown nonwoven fabric is a high-density nonwoven fabric, it is often used in the middle filter layer of face masks. iii) Non-Woven: These fabrics are made directly from fibers without weaving or knitting. In addition, there are nylon (PA), viscose fiber, acrylic, ethylene (HDPE), and chlorine (PVC). Following are the most used . All Rights Reserved. Source: wikipedia.org, wikipedia.org, chuzhouexports.com. Required fields are marked *. Non-woven fabric covers a wide variety of fabrics. With the addition of either chemical, thermal or mechanical bonding processes, the fibres then form a strong and durable fabric, often used for things like carpet backing or filters. This type of non-woven fabric is mainly manufactured in several processes: adding fibrous or sticky reinforcement material into the fiber network, and then reinforcing the network into cloth via heating and cooling. The best course to take is choosing a non-woven fabric manufacturer who has been in this business since before the pandemic. Polyethylene is a thermoplastic. Reference : Sciencedirect.com. Some face mask manufactures claimed that their products were medical masks, but they were actually made of regular non-woven fabrics without any filtering effect. Although woven fabrics are usually stronger because of how they are constructed, non-woven . Those are in the below: 1. Silicone; . Stitch-bonded non-woven fabric is another type of dry non-woven fabric that uses a loop structure that is wrap-knitted so it provides strength and structure to the layers including yarn layer, fiber web, and other materials used during its manufacturing. Pull the hens out of air fryer and let rest for minutes before enjoying. Those are-Woven fabric, Knitted fabric. Usually we recommend to use 40-45gsm PET spunlace fabrics for printing. The process utilizes applying high-pressure water jet to the layers of the web fibers so they can get entangled and combine into a uniform fabric. It softens the fiber surfaces and thus causes bonding. This demand has resulted in significant improvement and development in the manufacturing process of melt-blown fabrics. Solid Fabric. Most mask manufacturers in Taiwan prefer to use EP with hydrophilic treatment because EP is softer than ET, lint-free and can absorb mouth foam or facial sweat/grease. The nonwoven fabric is delivered from hydrophobic fibers, which can take in much less moisture. Wet-laid nonwovens are made by a mechanical process called wet laying. It can also be used to produce medical products, such as ointment fabrics, antipyretic patches, alcohol cotton sheets, facial towels, etc., or as a base material for sports goods or industrial materials. Types. Stafford Textiles Limitedhas over 60 years of experience in developing, sourcing and supplying a wide variety of INDUSTRIAL and TECHNICAL TEXTILES for a variety of applications. Its weight is between 25-30gsm (=g/m2, which is the weight of gram per square meter). So, the completed product is smooth and comfortable. Spunlace Non-wovens Spunlace non-wovens are used in common objects such as wet wipes, facial mask fabrics, and medical non-woven fabrics, just to name a few. Braid fabric. The primary types that are popular for everyday applications include: Spun-bounded non-woven fabric utilizes polymers as the raw material for its formation. Nonwoven fabrics provide specific functions such as absorbency, liquid repellency, resilience, stretch, softness, strength, flame retardancy, washability, cushioning, filtering, bacterial barriers and sterility. This conveyor belt carries the web to the bonding zone to bond by a thermal, mechanical, or chemical process. Usually, nonwoven commodities consist of one or more fiber coverings. It does not have other chemical ingredients. Your email address will not be published. View 10 excerpts, cites background. Non-woven fabrics: Materials that are produced by interlocking or bonding fabrics together. The production process of non-woven fabrics does not involve spinning or weaving as they are made directly from separate fibers, molten or dissolved fiber forming materials like plastic. They are also used for making thermal blankets. (1) BFE (Bacterial Filtration Efficiency): A measurement of a filter materials resistance to penetration of bacteria (usually tested by using particles of size 3.0 m). There are various types of the filter as below: Air filter media Liquid filtration Automotive filtration Panel filters Acquasorb - spun filters Aquasorb - wound filters Non-woven fabrics for bags and other The non-woven fabrics are engineered fabrics that may be a limited life, single-use fabric or very durable fabric. It is also separated from fibers of molten plastic or plastic film. 1. In the 19th century, (when England was the leading textile producing country), realizing that large amounts of fiber were wasted as trim, a textile engineer named Garnett developed a special carding . Non-woven fabric manufacturers are working overtime to keep up with the demand and suppliers are on the lookout for quality non-woven fabric factory to provide their clients with the best non-woven fabric they can. Because of the name dust-free paper, it is often misunderstood as paper, but in fact it is non-woven. Nonwoven fabrics are flat fabrics made from short-staple fibers and long filament fibers, which are felted or bonded together by a mechanical, thermal or chemical process. Flame attenuated mats or "batts" use discontinuous fine denier fibers in the 0.1 to 6 range. Woven . If you want to know about this topic, then follow our guide, and you will get your answer and enjoy it. Hope you will be fully informed about it. After understanding the common types and production methods of non-woven fabrics, we can now have an in-depth analysis of the non-woven fabrics used for face masks. Because people have to wear face masks all day during COVID-19 pandemic and the inner layer of face mask will be in contact with our facial skin for a long period of time, it is better to use a material that is soft and not hairy. Print bonding, spray bonding, saturation, and foam bonding. Non-woven fabrics are long fibers that have been bonded together using some sort of heat, chemical, or mechanical treatment. In the thermal process, a binder in the form of powder, paste, or polymer melt is added and the binder is melted onto the web by increasing temperature. Required fields are marked *. Twill weave - you can learn more about what twill fabric is here. 2. ie. Jersey. 7. ; Fabric dictionary. Spunlace non-woven fabric is quite popular for its application in the manufacturing of face masks, disposable surgical gowns, wet wipes, filter, etc. When Covid-19 began to spread, the shortage of non-woven fabrics for face masks made people panic and hoarded masks frantically, and everyone began to pay attention to the importance of this thin piece of masks. It can be woven or knitted fabric. Fabrics that are woven, have a warp and a weft, and are woven on looms. Nonwoven fabrics have various uses, especially as internal strengtheners and to support sewing in textile products. 3DS DS GBA. Hi, It encompasses 2 processes, Spun-bond Non-woven Melt-Blown Non-woven Spun-laid (bonded) Non-woven: Polymer granules are extruded into filaments through so called spinnerets. These include woven, knitted, braided, and nonwoven structures. Now, let's take a look at the 12 different types of fabric. There are two types of knit fabric: warp-knitted and weft-knitted. Canvas is a plain-weave fabric typically made out of heavy cotton yarn and, to a lesser extent, linen yarn. Our talented designers and engineers are dedicated to providing innovative solutions using advanced research and development . There are 4 ways to create fabric materials for you to make your own clothes, etc. Webformation technologies include drylaid carded, drylaid high-loft, airlaid, wetlaid, spunlaid, meltblown (the combination of spunlaid and meltblown is sometimes referred to as spunmelt) and various ways of submicron ('nano') spinning. Meltblown non-woven fabricsare used extensively in medical mask production, diaper and feminine hygiene products. The structure of the nonwoven fabric is varied from other textile structures. Nowadays, formulated nonwoven fabric clothes are 50% softer than knitted fabric. They are-Woven Fabric: Woven fabrics are suitable for their various types of design. Classification of woven fabric structure. Related posts : Read more on Batting, felt, fleece, Vinyl. Some structural characteristics of nonwoven fabric are pointed out below: Generally, it consists of layers of fibrous webs or single fibers rather than of yarns. The main types of nonwoven fabrics that we regularly use are interfacing, fusible web, felt, fake leather, fleece, and batting. According to application requirements, nonwoven fabrics are divided into disposable application and durable types. ; How are fabrics made? Poplin is mostly made of cotton, but some materials use different types of fibers. Instead, hot air is used to disperse the meltable polymer particles and spray them to produce ultra-fine fibers that fall onto the collecting web to form a fabric. Staple fibers or continuous filaments are bonded by mechanically entangling the fibers with barbed needles. Mainly nonwoven are planar structures. 1201#,Fangdu Plaza,Fangdu road, Keqiao area,Shaoxing,Zhejiang,China, Best Sites to Download Wii U ROMs For Cemu Rohem, Play Tetris Online Game Boy GB Games Online, Download Soccer Games Free For Windows Best Software & Apps, Inside The World Of Pokmon ROM Hacks Feature, DS Sleep Mode When Playing GBA Games? 1 thought on Non-Woven fabrics : Different types. Consectetur adipisicing elit, sed dot eiusd ema tempor incididunt ailabor dolore magna laram adipisicing elit dot sed dot eiusd. The nonwoven is highly porous and penetrable. Accordingly, suppliers are always on the watch for the best quality nonwoven fabric companies that offer their clients unrivaled products. Maynot have the drape of woven and knitted fabrics. Different types of fibrous raw material are added to the suspended fibrous mass to form a slurry. The main raw material is also Polypropylene. 1. Resin bonded batting is an example. A kind of spun-bonded non-woven fabrics of the utility model are cut online, switching machine refers to cutting and the switching device of a kind of spun-bonded non-woven fabrics, have good using effect.A kind of spun-bonded non-woven fabrics are cut online, switching machine includes rack, cylinder, cylinder push-rod, motor, knife rest and moving cutting tool.The rack is the rack of L . The other process is air-laid. They provide a specific function such as liquid repellency, resilience, absorbency filtration, and acoustic insulation . The fiber used for this process includes nylon, polyester, silk, bamboo fiber, viscose fiber, wood pulp and many others. Non-woven fabrics are popular, not only because they can be made quickly, but also because they are very cost-effective to make. This article covers these main types in detail. Hello. The disadvantage is that its handfeel is close to paper, and the surface of the fabric is uneven. A type of fabric that is defined by the process of weaving (by using the jacquard attachment on the loom) that creates it. The. Stitch-Bonded Non Woven Fabric A geotextile can be manufactured into one of two fabric types: woven and non-woven. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Non-woven fabrics are an excellent option for draping, liquid-repellent barriers. Find Types Of Non Woven Fabrics Pdf Manufacturers & Suppliers from China. These fabrics could be involved in fiber or filaments chemically, thermally, and mechanically. Non-woven fabrics have many different uses; including liquid repellence, stretch, thermal insulation, and can act as a bacterial barrier. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/types-non-woven-fabrics-manufacturing-processes-applications/, https://www.coronavirus.kdheks.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1416/Understanding-ASTM-Levels-for-Facemasks-PDF7-30-20, National Standard (CNS) Web Service System Search (cnsonline.com.tw), https://www.nelsonlabs.com/testing/bacterial-viral-filtration-efficiency-bfe-vfe/, https://www.nelsonlabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Face-Mask-Testing-Requirements.pdf, Your email address will not be published. The raw material that is the fibers are placed in an aqueous medium. When printing a darker design pattern, the color is more solid and closer to the original design. Pulp air-laid nonwovens Air-laid nonwovens can also be called the dustless Figure 2: Non-woven based paper or dry paper nonwovens. The woven geotextile fabric is made using the traditional technique in textile weaving. It is a decorative fabric with an intricately woven pattern. There is no weaving or manual construction involved. For the manufacture of baby diapers and womens towels, what is the best hydrophilic breathable film to choose for the inside face (in contact with the skin): a blown film or a melted film? Therefore, when the printing pattern contains very thin lines or the color is solid and dark, the printing effect may not be as good as expected. There are four kinds of thermal bonding. There are two types of finishing methods for non-woven fabric. 3DS DS GBA, What is the meaning of melt-blown fabric? The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continu ous production line. All kinds of fibers can be used to produce nonwoven fabrics. The difference between the two fabrics is the manufacturing process, which results in different effects of printing: (1) 100% PET spunbonded non-woven fabric: The advantage of the fabric is breathable and water-repellent. (2) Electrospinning method: This method is to dissolve the polypropylene to polymers solvent, charge it through a high-voltage electric field, then eject it to continuous filaments, cool them and form random laid nonwoven fabrics. The melt-blown fabrics have to be stored in a cool and dry storage environment otherwise the charge of electret materials will decay in a short period of time. The die contains hundreds of tiny holes that turn the melted polymer into thin fibers. Non-woven fabric may be fabricated by gluing, sewing or heat bonding. This depends on the method of weaving. Unlike traditional fabrics, non-woven fabrics are not produced by weaving or knitting and do not necessitate the conversion of the basic fibers into yarn. So before printing it is necessary to confirm whether the melting point of the fabric used exceeds the temperature of printing; for example, when using the sublimation technology to print, the non-woven material of the mask cannot be made of polypropylene (PP), because its melting point is only about 167 degrees Celsius, which is less than the temperature of heat sublimation (200 Celsius). d textiles; paper; d04 braiding; lace-making; knitting; trimmings; non-woven fabrics; d04h making textile fabrics, e.g. (3) VFE (Viral Filtration Efficiency): A measurement of a filter materials ability to filter viruses in the air. The combination of different layers reinforces the structure of the fabric. Spun-Bounded Non-Woven Fabric: Spun-bounded non-woven fabric utilizes polymers as the raw material for its formation. The numbers (>95% or 99%) represent the filtration efficiency of the mask and usually mask manufacturers will test the masks in the laboratory before they claim their masks pass the standard. 1. Suede and Synthetic suede are non-woven. It is used for making disposable gowns that are used in hospitals. The process involves the polymers to go through extruder so it can get stretched to form a continuous filament which is laid into a web, followed by melting and spinning so that the randomly laid web can get inter-tangled. And more fabulous first at the least about 60%, with the preliminary rescue of at the least around 85%-90%. After these two high-humidity and high-temperature processes, all the virtual electricity on the surface can be eliminated, and only the static electricity is stored in the electret material. Wool is an ideal fibre because its surface has natural hooks like scales, which when moisture, heat and vigorous movement are applied, interlock with each other. Woven fabric. Automated page speed optimizations for fast site performance. Currently, it is in high demand for making Coronavirus safety products. The topic of this article is non-woven fabrics, as the name implies, fabrics that are made not by the traditional plain weaving or knitting process. All Pokemon games use 128k saves, however only Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald support an RTC. Its fiber diameter is thinner than spunbond nonwoven fabric, about 2-5 microns (m). from fibres or filamentary material; fabrics made by such processes or apparatus, e.g. Static electricity occurs when two surfaces are rubbed together. types of non woven fabrics here are four main types of non-woven products: Spunbound/Spunlace, Airlaid, Drylaid and Wetlaid. The latter is similar, though run at much higher temperatures, to melt-blown thermoplastic nonwovens. Also, woven fabrics are strong making woven cloth well-suited to machine washing and durable use. In the mechanical process, bonding or interlocking is done by needling or fluid jet entanglement or stitching. Nonwovens may be a limited-life, single-use fabric or a very durable fabric. ; 20 qualitites to look for in fabric. The fabric does have an organized internal structure but it is primarily made by placing fibers together and then using one of the many available methods to combine those fibers into a unified material that is identical to the traditional fabric that we use. 1. It can be used in knits, wovens, and non-wovens as either a filament or spun yarn. Fibers are held together by mechanical forces, gum or heat. (3) Frictional electrification method: The electrification method is relatively simple, yet the static electricity is just temporary and easy to lose. The filtering effect of the mask will also declines, which makes the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) lower than 95%. The fiber diameter is about 10-20 microns (m). We, The search bar on the site makes it easier for the users to get what, This is followed by clearing multiple lines in short succession, which may or may not, Some sites will claim best odds guaranteed, which is good because better odds translate to, Its got all the elements of the original games that we know and love and. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Some countries have their own standards and regulations for medical/surgical masks and others follow the testing method of ASTM F2100. The fiber diameter is about 10-20 microns (m). Copyright 2023 Stafford Textiles Limited. In this paper, we investigate the effect of thermal calendering temperature, binder fiber type, and binder fiber component (blend ratio) on the tensile strength of. The first written definition of nonwoven fabrics came from the American Society for Testing and materials in 1962 which defined them as "textile fabrics made of carded web or fiber web held together by adhesives.". Water electret melt-blown fabric has the best filtration efficiency, and the shelf life is very long generally up to 10 years; this material is very suitable for making mask stockpiles in the COVID-19 pandemic. They are the best textiles for medical applications. By blending cotton with synthetic fibers, canvas can become water resistant or even waterproof, making it a great outdoor fabric. This method is to use a high-pressure water pump to spray pure water onto the non-woven fabrics, make the water and the fabric rubbed and generate the static electricity via friction. Nonwoven fabrics have poor abrasion resistance because of their loose structure. The first way is, of course, the weave method. Presently invented nonwoven fabrics show extensibility with inside; the cross-route of fabric stretch of at the least approximately 50%. Generally, nonwoven fabrics are used only in protecting clothing and shelters. The disadvantage is that the fabric itself is heavy and thick. Your email address will not be published. Contents1 [] Four common fabrication methods for non-woven fabrics include: Spunbound/Spunlace Airlaid Dryland Wetland The most common are: Plain weave. It can be made to stay light but strong. Polypropylene (PP Melt-blown, also called MB or PPMB) is the commonest material for melt-blown fabrics. In the textile industry, nonwoven fabric is as old and straightforward as other textile fabrics. Airlaid and Wet Laid. Nonwovens are either referred to by the webformation technology, or by the consolidation technology used. While they share the same construction style, each knit title tells you more about the material. There is no weaving or manual construction involved. In other words, it is a fabric directly combined from chemical fiber raw materials through chemical or physical methods. This fabric is used as interfacing so as to provide support and shape retention to necklines, collars, belts, cuffs, waistbands, button closures etc in garments. So, when exposed to the high environmental temperature, the wearer would remain more excellent and comfortable. In Taiwan the standard for medical/surgical mask is CNS14774. A few properties of nonwoven fabrics are: Nonwoven fabrics are fabricated from polypropylene resin. From non woven cloth suppliers they provide different types of non woven fabric roll,that`s the raw material for making different products.The non-woven polypropylene fabrics are durable and have a limited life of only one use. Some mask manufacturers use polypropylene spunbond (PPSB) nonwoven fabrics, same material as the outer layer, to be the inner layer of face mask in order to reduce the cost, but PPSB is hairy and will make face itchy and irritated. Woven structures are classified into the following categories: Simple structures. The stitch bonding process gives a flatter and softer texture to the web. The process reinforces the webs to some degree but they are still not as strong as many other types of non-woven fabric. Nylon oxford weave: A coarse, plain weave cloth. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. NWF in polypropylene Polypropylene is a fabric made of soft textured plastic fibers which are fused together using ultrasound and steam. Needle-punched non-woven fabric or acupunctured non-woven fabric is another dry-type fabric which is made by reinforcing fiber into cloth by using needle punching. Fibers are formed into a slurry which is transported to a mesh forming mechanism to lay in a wet state to form a cloth. Adhesives are added to the layers of fibrous webs which are then treated with heat that melts the adhesive and then cooled which combines the multiple layers into a single fabric-like material. Thermal bond nonwovens are made of thermoplastic fibers or thermostatic powders like polyester, polypropylene, nylon, etc. As you can see, the different processes to create non-woven fabrics results in differing fabrics that all have specialized uses. So, their weight is merely three-fifths of cottons weight. A Dress making knit fabric that is made of wool, cotton and synthetic fibers. Nylon zipper: Sturdy cord zipper that is self-lubricating. Rigid, hard, or broadly with little flexibility. These fibres are cooled via hot air blasts, which are then forced onto a collector screen to form a fabric that creates a fine filter and is self-bonded. CNS14774 is compiled and revised according to ASTM F2100. Wet non-woven fabric is manufacture in a number of steps. Types of Fabric Used In Apparel Manufacturing: The garment is a basic need of humans.
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